By Peter Apps
Dhaka Tribune
Dhaka Tribune
Many European fleets – including Britain’s Royal Navy, once the world’s pre-eminent maritime force – are now at their smallest in centuries
The USS Roosevelt, an aircraft carrier that patrols international waters
Photo- Wikimedia
Photo- Wikimedia
After a quarter century if middle Eastern land wars and a sharp fall in big powers’ naval spending after the Cold War, sea power is back in vogue in response to the rise of China and Western reluctance to deploy ground troops in conflicts like Syria.
The greater interest in navies is being felt from the corridors of Washington to the pirate hunting grounds off Africa and the shipyards of Asia.
“You’re going to see a much greater emphasis on using sea-based forces to produce an effect,” said Admiral Gary Roughead, who retired as Chief of Naval Operations, the professional head of the US navy, in 2011.
“You’re seeing it in the Mediterranean, with Syria, and you’re seeing it in the Pacific and the Middle East,” said Roughead, who is now a visiting fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution.
India last month launched its first locally built aircraft carrier and a dozen such ships are to be completed worldwide in the next decade, including two US Gerald R Ford-class giants, two British vessels, a refurbished Russian carrier for India and one or more of the first indigenous carriers to be built by China.
US-based consultancy AMI International estimates about $800bn will be spent globally on naval programmes in the next two decades, a quarter of it in Asia, which now surpasses austerity – hit Europe as the second-largest naval market after North America.
In April’s 2014 budget, the US Navy pulled ahead to win the biggest chunk of funding of all three services. The Pentagon requested $155bn for the Navy, just under 30% of the total $527bn baseline budget, which does not include contingency funding for Iraq and Afghanistan.
That did not take into account the automatic across-the-board spending cuts of “sequestration” that the Navy says could leave it with 10 percent less than its budget submission in 2014 if Congress cannot agree a deal to tackle the US deficit.
“Sea power is growing in importance,” said US Rear Admiral Robert Kamensky, commander of NATO’s submarine force, in a resentation on behalf of the US Navy in London.
“We are experiencing increased demand … at the same time as a reduction in resources.”
Washington is moving ships from the Atlantic to Pacific in part to confront Beijing’s People’s Liberation Army Navy, seen the primary beneficiary of years of double-digit defence budget increases.
Beijing began operating its ex-Soviet carrier late last year, though it says it is not yet fully operational. It is also building submarines, patrol boats and other warships.
In September, state-backed China Shipbuilding Industry announced it planned to raise $1.4bn through a private share sale to buy assets used for building warships, the first time Beijing had tapped the capital market to fund its military expansion.
Us to shrink, others to grow?
Worried nearby nations – particularly those with maritime boundary disputes with China – are upgrading everything from radar to missiles and torpedoes.
Japan will next year see its largest defence spending rise in 22 years, purchasing patrol boats and helicopters and creating a force of marines. Australia is boosting its navy to include new assault ships, while Vietnam is buying Russian submarines.
The Philippines is dramatically expanding its once almost moribund force, acquiring two former US Coast Guard cutters, Japanese patrol boats and a second-hand French warship.
Western defence firms struggling elsewhere are keen to get in on the act. BAE Systems is working with Thailand on building an offshore patrol boat, while other smaller firms are selling electronic equipment and weaponry.
Washington’s ability to strike from the sea remains without parallel, going well beyond its 10 massive carriers, currently over half the global total.
Five US navy destroyers and an unspecified number of submarines are still holding position off Syria, ready to make good on threats of a cruise missile strike should a US-Russian deal to put Syrian chemical weapons beyond use collapse.
Still, if the sequestration budget cuts continue throughout the decade, the US Navy says it could be left with 38 fewer ships and might have to consider cutting its carrier fleet to eight or nine.
Sources say spending cuts are already affecting major US shipbuilders such as Huntingdon Ingalls, with projects delayed, including the construction of the new USS John F. Kennedy nuclear carrier.
In the Gulf, worries over Iran’s swarms of small boat flotillas and the US reduction of permanent carrier presence from two task-forces to one has prompted Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates to buy and build new patrol boats.
Such deals can be highly lucrative. In July, Saudi Arabia asked to buy 30 Mark V special forces-style patrol boats worth $1.2 bn from unlisted Mississippi-based Halter Marine Inc.
In number of ships, many European fleets – including Britain’s Royal Navy, once the world’s pre-eminent maritime force – are now at their smallest in centuries. Britain has spent the last three years without a single operational aircraft carrier.
Though smaller, European navies remain potent. Spain, France and Italy have all built new carriers since 2000, the latter two using theirs heavily during the 2011 Libya war.
Britain’s “Queen Elizabeth” class – built by a BAE Systems – led consortium, with the first due to launch in 2014 – will be even more capable, the Royal Navy says, even if they will not have Lockheed Martin F-35 jets to fly for at least three years. By 2022, naval spending will have increased to 46 percent of Britain’s entire defence equipment budget.
“It amounts to nothing less than a maritime renaissance,” Britain’s First Sea Lord Admiral George Zambellas told an arms fair in London. “The Navy is back in business.”
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